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8ILA8 CORNELL'S 

IMPROVED TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 
SECURED BY PATENT. 



A 

DESCRIPTION 



SILAS CORNELL'S 
IMPROVED 

TEBRESTRIAL GLOBE, 



MANNER OF USING IT. . 



SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, AND FAMILIES. 
Second E d i t i on. 



ROCHESTER: V- 

PUBLISHED BT THE AUTHOR. 

Printed by Canfield k. Warren. 

1845. 



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TESTIMONIALS. 

Collegiate Intitule, Rochester, March 1,1845. 

1 i^ m Ht iamined 8Um Co »«W , » Improved Globe, end the 
«mel book; accompanyuig it; end it gives me greet satisfec- 

ftS£L to^lJj? 1 T ild 5 r il r ** * "prewnli 3 ; end the* 

I think tt better adapted to the nee of schools end families 

than any thing of the kind heretofore in use. -™"» 

C. DEWEY, D.D..M.D- 

Principal and Prof, of Chemistry and Philosophy. 

Ma. Cornell i 

M. n i p~uJ??*L 8ir, ~ I !"? v . e ■«" y°o «be letter of my 
5?Tt.rr* fc ~ 0r Pr ? nu «'. *i?king that the favorable opinSoi 

_T. .t£S ° n< ^ ^"y "PPfehended the high excellence 

^W^.n^"° my0f your * lobe,: «4 with my" If, 
would do ell in hi. power to encourage their general intro 
*c^wh«eTer the el.m.«u of ge^raphy L a2oE2£ 



Yours truly, 

fraNk h. 



HAMILTON. 



F ™E£l2Z^^ft *&"? *** Greek and 
Ijatan language* and Literature, Geneva College. 

TO D*. HAMILTON : 

u „ „. _ JB"? D **^.—! c" 111 ^ permit Mr. Cornell to 
STIiZITS ff" 8 "!" 1 * to you my sincere thanks fcr 

^ him, and the use of his newly-constructed globe hi 
teaching the element, of geography and astronomy. 

to the simple and neat construction of his machinerv 
mAe reedy and cleer Ulustretion of prmcipl^ndSS 
method surpasses every thing of the kind that I haveu 
end cannot mil to meet with the cordial approbation ©f 
who are learning and teaching these sciences 

Your friend, most truly, 

D. PRENTICE. 



tvescS A 

£E. T% 



rEtTIMOXIAI fc 

Wwr I' - , , | , ( . :, j, f 

" :|V '"- ' * "" ■'" [»rot •■-! • on»tructhm ..i t i*rrestial 

r s »* I ••!«;!. ill R« M h.-i. r. I 

. 
..I ili*. roiiimoii foriti. 1 -r iltc pur|H>seii i»l eU uuntar\ iiurtruc- 
1j..ii m i - 1 r -ii. .in-, ui ruphy. 

l! »" i,,rl1 ' ui 4r ronunon nchooli 

' — • i much mum nor I 

" I! " r u i»< whi«-h I biu u d I have ordered one of 

minority ui" the trustees, for the I nion 
fcH*huol " ! mi* \ 

How \< i: u i;i:>ii;u. 



FVmn B< wmu //• .. D />., /' it of a cm vaCa&ce. 

I concur with Professor \Yeh«ter in the opinion 
eipn Med. 

HIM \>II\ II 1LR 
President o< Geneva ( *»liece- 
2Cth Marcli, IM\ 



/>. .■;/• \V. //. />. Lametf, 1>.I>. Btthop <f th* WettemlHmxm 
• Sir- York. 

<>• nrni, .V^/, 87, IH45. 

11 n H * ts< rnell 4 * imprmei] pi foe, with 

the explanatory tolunte ucconipanying it, :m.l uImi heard hi> 
verbal exposition oi tin mode <»! u-u« himz, I . :.. 
coiiiinend it as, in my judgment, a ereat improvement <m 
former kj >u ms, in tin- department of school insiructiou. 

W\ II i>e LANCEl 



T/J- 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1845, 
. BY SILAS CORNELL, 
In the Clerk't Office of the District Court for the Northern 
District of New-York. 



r 






PREFACE. 



In preparing this little work, the author finds himself in 
a field somewhat new. There are bnt few treatises on the 
ase of the globes before the public ; and the globe here de- 
scribed is of a new construction, differing materially from 
all others heretofore in use, in the mode of its illustrations. 
la mrnaarinfl it for the public, the author has endeavored 
& simplify its details, and reader its use more familiar and 
easy to the leaner. 

Haying spent many year* in teaching, he has found great 
advantage in giving the first lessons in geography on a 
giebe f ranking the student, in the beginning of the study, 

nlier with the form of the earth, aad at the same i 
showing hew that spherical form is represe n ted on a i 
surface, aa in the map of the world. The first lessons in 
this book are adapted to that object, and should be used as 
the first lessons in geography. The succeeding lessons 

ly be deferred till the leaner shall have made some pro- -^ 

green ia the science. 

Particular pains have been taken to render these lessons 
plain aad easily understood, wit)** view of adapting them 
to teachers who may not be faxfpar with the use of the 



time 



*C\* 



Yi * 



vin 

globe ; and, also, to facilitate their use in families, where 
the globe may be studied without a teacher. 

Bat few, even of experienced teachers, appear rally to 
appreciate the advantage of fixing in the mind of the pnpil 
clear and distinct perceptions of every elementary principle 
of the science he is beginning to study. For want of this, 
many minds, naturally bright, intelligent, and discrimi- 
nating, form loose and incoherent habits of reasoning, 
which accompany them through life ; while others, less 
gifted by nature, but with more judicious training, reason 
correctly on causes and effects, and generally find truth the 
reward of their efforts. 

The author natters himself that this simple means of in- 
troducing early into the mind of the student several ele- 
mentary principles heretofore much neglected, may not 
only promote a knowledge of the science with which it is 
directly connected, but that it may lay the foundation of 
that mode of study which will most effectually develop the 
treasures of the understanding. 

While mechanical skill, under the wonderful influence 
of the light of science, has, during the last half-century, 
turned the powers of nature to the accomplishment of the 
most prodigious labors, performing by machinery what the 
manual labor of many generations could not have done ; 
labor-saving machinery in the work of education has made 
much less progress. There is much room for genius yet 
to clear the path of science, and to present its truths to the 



IX 

I intellect io the plainest md mo«t attractive form*. 
It is cnnfidnatly believed that this globe will be found an 
important instrument in thi§ desirable system of labor-say- 



The advantage of this globe oyer those heretofore ia ase 9 
wiH be apparent without orach explanation ; yet it may be 
wall to glance at one or two particulars : 



The day-circle turning on an axis, and showing the line 
between day and night, for any day in the calendar to 
which the index may be turned, is an exceedingly plain 
and natural illustration, to which no other globe is adapted. 
The natural simplicity of this arrangement is carried 
through all the illustrations. 

This globe has a peculiar advantage oyer all others in 
always representing the plane of the ecliptic ia its true 
relative position, in whatever position the globe may be 
placed; while other globes have the ecliptic drawn on 
their surface, and consequently it is thrown out of its 
place whenever the globe is turned. This fixed represen- 
tation of the plane of the ecliptic renders all the illustra- 
tions in relation to the change of the seasons, and the ap- 
parent motion of the sun, plain and natural. 

The Terrestrial Globe is beautifully adapted to show 
some of the great and leading principles of geography and 
astronomy, and to exemplify those principles by the solu- 
tion of various problems : yet it must be obvious to all 



who examine this matter, that such problems cannot be 
solved with any great accuracy by snch an instrument, in 
what form soever it may be mounted. It is not intended 
for an accurate solution, but for the illustration of the prin- 
ciples on which those mathematical calculations are pre- 
dicated, which astonish us with the triumphant accuracy 
of their results. The globe will give us results approxi- 
mating to the truth ; but perfed accuracy cannot be at- 
tained, but by- mathematical calculations. 

SILAS CORNELL. 
Rochester, U Month, 1845. 



DIRECTIONS. 

For safety and convenience of transportation, the Globes 
irUl be taken off their stands, when packed. To set them 
up correctly, let the rod that supports the Globe be screwed 
into the stand the whole length of the screw, having toe 
south pole inclined toward the beginning of Capricorn, and 
the north pole will be inclined toward the beginning of Can' 
cer ; then, by reference to the plate, the Globe, the Hour- 
circle, and the Index \ may be put in their places without fur- 
ther directions. Should the axis at any time get turned 
from the above position, it slundd be restored. 



DESCRIPTION. 



The Terrestrial Globe is a sphere, or ball, in 
the form of the earth, on which is drawn a map 
of the land and water which form the earth's sur- 
face. The earth is inhabited on all sides by men 
or animals. Persons and nations ignorant of sci- 
ence have supposed, that the world consists of an 
extended plain, only diversified in some places 
with hills and mountains ; and that if you could 
approach the edge of this plain, you would be in 
danger of falling off into immeasurable depths. 
When such people are informed that the world is 
a sphere, they are perplexed with the notion, that 
whatever might be on the lower side would fall 
off. Such erroneous notions are corrected by 
simply knowing what is the true meaning of up- 
ward and downward. Downward is always 
toward the centre of the earth ; and upward in an 
opposite direction. Whenever a heavy body is 
let fall, it descends toward the centre of the earth. 



12 

The place that we occupy, is as much the lower 
side as any other place ; yet we know that we 
cannot fall toward the sky : and it is the same on 
every part of the earth's surface. The force that 
draws all bodies toward the centre of the earth, is 
called " the attraction of gravitation." 

Q. What is the Terrestrial Globe ? 
What is a Sphere ? 
How is the earth inhabited ? 

Of what form do ignorant nations suppose the earth is? 
What ideas will perplex them when they are told tke 

earth is a Sphere ? 
How are such erroneous notions corrected ? 
Which way is downward ? Which upward ? 
Do we live on the upper or lower side of the earth ? 
Are we in danger of falling toward the sky ? 
What is that force called that draws all bodies toward 
the centre of the earth ? 

The Globe turns on an iron rod, the lower end 
of which is fastened in the stand. That part of 
the rod that passes through the Globe is called the 
ax is y and the ends of the axis are called the poles ; 
the upper being the north pole, and the lower the 
south pole. 

When the Globe is before you, the right hand 
is east, and the left west 



13 

The stand is a circular piece of wood, on which 
the Globe is supported. On the upper surface of 
the stand is a circular calendar, showing the 
months and days in the year ; and in another cir- 
cle, on the inner side of the calendar, the twelve 
signs of the zodiac are shown. Another circle, 
on the outer side of the calendar, contains an 
analemma, showing the declination of the sun. 

The day-circle is a thin, circular plate of me- 
tal, standing in an upright position, so as to di- 
vide the Globe into two equal parts. One side of 
this circle is made white, to indicate day, and is 
called the day-side ; and the other which is cal- 
led the night-side, is black, to indicate night, 
Whether the day side or the night side be toward 
you, the right-hand will always be east, and the 
left-hand west 

The index is a piece of brass, fixed to the loafer 
part of the day-circle, and pointing to the days in 
the calendar. 

The Equator is a line drawn round the Globe 
at equal distances from the poles, dividing it into 
two equal parts. 

2 



14 

The uses of these several parts will be described 
in their proper places. 

Q. What is the axis of the Glebe? 

What is the north pole T The tooth pole 7 

Which are east and west on the Globe ? 

What is the stand of the Globe ? 

Where is the Calendar, and what does it show ? 

Where are the signs of the iodine shown ? 

Where is the analemma ? 

What is the day-circle ? 

What is meant by the day side and the night side 7 

Which part of the day circle is east, and which west? 

What is the Index ? 

What is the Equator? 



FIRST LESSON IN GEOGRAPHY, 

7b be give* on the Globe and a Map of the World, 
taken together. 



The earth is a globe, or sphere ; therefore a 
map of the world is made in two circles— one cir- 
cle to show one side of the earth, and the other 
to show the other side. 

The half of a sphere is called a hemisphere. 
That part of the world which is represented in 
one circle is called the eastern hemisphere ; and 
that part shown in the other circle is called the 
western hemisphere. 

Place the day-circle so that 90 is over the north 
pole ; then, having the day side toward you, 
turn the globe till South America is on the day 
side, and Africa on the night side ; and you will 
have the globe divided into two hemispheres, in 
the same manner as the map of the world ; and 



16 

the western hemisphere will be toward you. Then, 
with the map of the western hemisphere before 
you, compare the globe and the map as follows : 

Point out 
North America on the map, and then on the globe. 



Gulf of Mexico • . 


map, 


• 


globe. 


Atlantic Ocean 


map, 


• • • 


globe. 


Pacific Ocean 


map, 


• 


globe. 


Greenland 


map, 


• 


globe, 


Mexico •• 


map, 


• • • 


globe. 


Cape Horn • • • 


map, 


• • • 


globe. 


West Indies 


map, 


• • • 


globe. 



Turn the globe till South America is on the 
night side of the day-circle, and Africa on the day 
side, and you will have the eastern hemisphere 
before you. Then point out the following : 

ie globe, 
globe, 
globe, 
globe, 
globe, 
globe, 
globe. 

Q. Why is a map of the world made in two circles ? 
What is a hemisphere ? 



Europe 


on 


the map, 


Asia 




• . map, 


Africa 




• • map, 


New Holland 




• • map, 


England 




. . map, 


Cape of Good Hope 


• • map, 


Japan Islands 




• • map, 



17 

Tho earth may be divided into northern and 
southern hemispheres, by considering the equator 
the dividing line. 

If you look down upon the north pole, you will 
have a view of the northern hemisphere ; or if 
the south pole be turned toward you, you will see 
the southern hemisphere as shown on a map of 
the world on the polar projection. 

DEGREES. 

A degree is the three hundred and sixtieth part 
of the circumference of a circle, whether the 
circle be large or small ; so that a degree on 
a great circle that encompasses the earth, as the 
equator, is about 69 miles ; while a degree on a 
circle 1 foot in diameter is about the tenth of an 
inch. 

MERIDIANS. 

The circumference of the globe is divided into 
twenty-four equal parts ; and each of these parts 
is marked by a line crossing the equator, and ex- 
tending to the poles. These lines are called me- 
ridians. One meridian passes through London, 

and is called the meridian of London : this is 

2* 



18 

marked 0. The meridian next east of this is 
marked 15°, the next 30°, the next 45°, and so 
on, each increasing 15 degrees till it reaches to 
180° which is half the circumference of the earth. 
The meridians westward from London increase 
in the same way to 1800. 

Meridians are drawn on maps sometimes at 
every degree, sometimes at every five degrees, 
and sometimes at every ten degrees ; but they are 
marked on the globe at every 15 degrees, because 
the earth revolves on its axis 15 degrees, in an 
hour : so that the space from one meridian to 
another may be counted for an hour, in the rev- 
olution of the earth on its axis ; and the twenty 
four meridians will correspond to the twenty-four 
hours of the day. 

Q. What is a degree ? 

What is a meridian line ? 

What is the meridian of London ? 

What is a degree on the equator ? 

How are meridians drawn on maps? 

How are meridians drawn on the globe ? 

Why at every 15 degrees? 

How many meridians are drawn on the globe J 



19 

PARALLELS OF LATITUDE. 

There are lines on the globe drawn east and 
west, parallel with the equator, which are called 
parallels of Latitudes. The poles are 90 degrees 
from the equator, and that space is divided into 
nine equal parts, by eight parallels of latitude, 
ten degrees apart. 

LATITUDE 

Is the distance of a place north or south from the 
equator, commonly expressed in degrees and min- 
utes. To find the latitude of a place by the globe, 
set the day circle so that 90 is over the north pole ; 
then bring the given place to the western edge 
of the day circle, and the degree over it will be 
its latitude. If north of the equator, it will be 
called north latitude ; and if south of the equator, 
south latitude. 

Q. What is the latitude of the following places : 

New York? A. About 41° N. 

London? 52 N. 

Straits of Gibraltar? X N. 

Cape Horn? 56 8. 

Cape of Good Hope? 34 S. 

Pekin, in China ? 40 N. 



m 

LONGITTDE 

Is the distance of a place east or west from some 
particular meridian. On the globe, the longitude 
is reckoned from the meridian of London. To 
find the longitude of any place by the globe, set 
the day circle so that 90 is over the north pole ; 
then bring the given place to the west edge of the 
day circle, and the degree on the equator, directly 
under the edge of the day circle, will be its longi- 
tude. If it be east of London, it will be called 
east longitude; and if west of London, west Ion- 
gitude. 

Q. What is the longitude of the following places : 

New-York? A% About 14 o W 

Cape of Good Hope ? ## 16 E 

Straits of Gibraltar? ## 6 W. 

Cape Horn ? # # g^ ^y 

Pokin? 117 E 

U. What are parallels of latitude ? 

How far apart are they on the globe? 

How many threes f ron , lne equator to the poles" 

What is latitude? 

What is longitude 7 



21 

DAT AND NIOHT, AND DIFFERENCE OF TIME IN 
DIFFERENT PLACES. 

As the earth is a sphere, the sun can shine only 
on one-half of it at the same time ; consequently, 
one-half of the world will have day-light, while the 
other half is in the shade, or night To show this, 
the day circle divides the globe into two equal 
parts ; that on the light side being day, and that 
on the black side being night 

Set the day circle so that 90 is over the north 
pole ; then having the day side toward you, turn 
the meridian of London also toward you, and the 
Roman numbers VI will be both at the east and at 
the west edge of the day circle. The globe will 
then represent the position of the earth when it 
is XII o'clock at noon in London, on the day 
pointed to by the index, which will be about the 
23d of September : at that time the days and 
nights are equal in length throughout the world, 
being 12 hours each. While the globe remains 
in this position, it will show what parts of the 
earth are enlightened by the sun, and what parts 
are in darkness, at that time ; and it will also 
show, while it is XII o'clock in London, what 



time of the day it is in all other parts of the 
work). At all places under the eastern edge of 
the day circle it will be VI o'clock in the evening, 
and the sun will be setting ; at all places under 
the western edge of the day circle it will be VI 
o'clock in the morning, and the sun will be rasing ; 
and the hours of the day and night will be at that 
time, in all parts of the world, as they are marked 
in Roman numbers on the equator of the globe. 

The following questions may be answered by 
examining the globe while it remains in this po- 
sition : 

Q. What time at New- York? A. 7 morning. 

In south pa/t of Greenland? 9 morning. 

Cape of Good Hope ? A little past 1 afternoon. 

Constantinople ? 2 afternoon. 

Pekin ? 8 evening. 

East part of New Zealand ? 12 midnight. 

Behring's Straits ? 1 morning. 

As the earth turns on its axis from west to east, 
the sun rises earlier to the eastern than the west- 
ern countries ; and consequently it will be noon 
and evening sooner in the eastern than in' the 
western countries : so that on opposite sides of the 



28 

earth there will be twelve hours difference in the 
time. This difference will be four minutes for 
each degree, or one hour for 15 degrees ; so that 
when it is twelve o'clock where we are, it will 
be eleven o'clock 15 de g ree s west of us, and one 
o'clock 15 degrees east of us. 

Q. When it is twelve o'clock at New- York, what time 
will it be at the following placet : 

South part of Greenland? A. 2 P.M. 

Wands of Sicily? 6 P.M. 

London ? • 5 P.M. 

Mouth of Mississippi River? 11 A.M. 

Society Islands? 7 A.M. 

Behring's Straits? 6 A.M. 

Q. Does the sun rise earliest in the eastern or western 

countries ? 
How much difference in the opposite sides of the earth? 
How much difference in one degree ? 
How much difference in fifteen degrees ? 

THk ORBIT OP THE EARTH, AND ITS MOTION ROUND 

THE 8UN. 

The earth has two motions. Besides its revo- 
lution on its axis, as before described, it moves 
round the sun once in a year. The circle, or 
path, in which it moves round the sun, is called 



24 



Us orbit: and this orbit lies in the plane of the 
ecliptic To understand what is meant by tba 
plane of the ecliptic, you must ant undented 
what it meant by a plane. A plane may be real 
^imaginary. Thetopof a smooth table is a ml 
plane : take the table away, and the place that ite 
upper surface occupied may be considered an 
imaginary plane ; or, if you imagine the plane of 
the surface of a table to be extended off in every 
direction till it reaches the sides of the room, ycu 
will have a plane part real and part imaginary, 
extending over the room. If you hold a thread 
eo as to make it a straight line, you may move- 
that line sideways so as to describe an imaginary 
plain. The day circle has a line marked on it for 
the plane of the ecliptic ; on the west side it is 
marked with a name, and on the east side it is 
Uluminated, to show that the sun's place is always 
m that plane. Now, if we imagine this line to 
«tend off from the globe to an indefinite dis- 
tance, in the same direction we shall have an 
imaginary line. Then, if we turn the day circle 
roond the ****, apposing this imaginary line to 
becarried round with it, the imaginary line will 
describe an imaginary plane, which will repre- 
sent the plane of the ecliptic. 



The centre of the em and the centre of the 
i ere always in the plane of the ecli|#c; ud 
r— Mfof the equator ie always above #■ plain, 
while the other half it below. * : 

THE AXIS OF THE EAATH, AMD ITS INCLINATION 

The axis Of die globe is on iron rod, es has 
been before described ; but the axis of die earth 
is an imaginary lice, on which die earth turns as 
the globe does on its iron axis. The axis of the 
earth is not perpendicular to the plane of the 
ecliptic, bat inclined or leaning, as shown hi the 
glebe. If the axis were perpendicular to the 
eoliptic, the equator would lie in the plane of the 
ecliptic, and there oould be no change of seasons; 
bat in consequence of this inclination of the axis, 
we have the regular and beautiful changes of 
spring, summer, autumn, and winter, and the 
variation in the length of the days and nights. 

THE CHANGE OF THE SEASONS. 

Place a lamp, or some other object, ih the centre 
of a table, to represent the sun; a lamp will rather 
improve the illustration, on account of its emit- 
ting light, but some other object will do about as 
3 



well— only observing tint i 
heavy la keep itt piece wkkog being meved fey 
a thread that must be attached to it Cell fMt 
object in the centre of the table the en. Fattaa 
a strong thread to it, and let theotbe* end%f the 
thread patt through the hole in the ind«,and 
fatten to the iron pillar that supports the gfobe, 
having the thread eo adju 
to deecribe a circle ae large a* the 1 
mit The thread will then keep the I 
ing to the sun's place, and the day circle will ft* 
kept facing the tun, stowing constancy the pert 
• of the earth lighted by the sunenthe<ky 

to in the calendar. Then move the globe on 1 
table from weet to eaet, by Ae tooth, to mi 
cribe a circle with the length of the thread, keep- 
ing the stand from turning, and the ask inclining 
in the tame dirctkxi. As the globe » moved in 
this manner, the index will past over the days 
and months in the year, and keep die day circle 
gradual 1 y shifting ha position, to at to thow how 
the several parti of the earth are differently ex- 
posed to the light and heat of the tun , in diftren t 
seasons of the year. 






till the 

it will UiMte 

giefeewill bem the day circle, 
wffi,etth*ttfcne, be directly 
f that fa light will extend to 
Ite* by moving the globe m 
e the! the light of 
the md Will gradual 1 y extend over the north pole, 
falb9r«idtWtb6r,tiUthefaidezrMdi«fth6^ 
of Jane, when tknttwO be at the tropic of 
Oanehr, which k a circle parallel la the equator, 
and S* decreet 38 minutes from it Thie circle 
k the boundary line of the sun's northern decli- 
Ittaaalledtl^tK>pk:ofrCaiK5er,becaoee 
ansem the sign Cancer when itkat thk 
When the eun k at the tropic of Cancer, 
it shisjss M degrees 38 minutee beyond the north 
pete* to the arctic circle, which k the boundary 
of the north frigid zone. All that part of the 
earth within the arctic circle will then have a 
day of 34 hours. Or in other words the whole 
nerth frigid none will be at that tine enlightened. 
At the seme time the light of t he sun will fid 1 28 
d e g ree s 38 minutes short of reaching the south 



28 

pole — fearing that part of the earth in dsrirnsss, 
and thereby designating the boundary of the tooth 
frigid zone, being the antarctic circle, This is 
the Mason of summer in the northern hemisphere, 
and winter in the southern. Yon may more the 
globe onward in its orbit, and you will find the 
sun's light gradually receding from the north and 
extending to the south, till the index points to the 
22d of September, when the sun will be on the 
equator, and its rays will extend to both the poles. 
Continue the motion of the globe, and you may 
observe the light still receding from the north, 
and extending beyond the south pole till the index 
reaches the 21st of December, when the sun will 
reach the tropic of Capricorn — so called ^because 
the sun enters the sign Capricorn here. This is 
the boundary line of its southern declination, 
being 23 degrees 28 minutes south of the equator. 
The north frigid zone will then be left in dark- 
ness ; and the light extending 28 degrees and 28 
minutes beyond the south pole, will fully illumi- 
nate the south frigid zone. This is the summer 
of the southern hemisphere, and the winter of the 
northern. 



Move the globe on in, its orbit, and observe the 
gradual increase of light towards the north, and 
consequent diminishing at the south, till you reach 
the 20th March, and you will have completed the 
whole circle of the year. 

LENGTH OF THE DATS AND NIGHTS. 

The days and nights are always equal at the 
equator — that is, they are each 12 hours long. 
When the sun is north of the equator, the days 
are the longest in the northern hemisphere : and 
when the sun is south of the equator, the days are 
longest in the southern hemisphere. 

To find the length of the day in any part of 
the world, at any time in the year — set the index 
to the given day in the calendar ; then count the 
number of spaces between the meridians on the day 
side of the day-circle, in the latitude of the given 
place, and that will be the number of hours in a 
day — adding to that number any part of a space 
over, (if there be any such,) and calling it a pro* 
portionate part of an hour. 

Q. How long is the day at New- York, the 1st May? 
A. About 14 hours. , 

Q. How long st London, at the same time ? 
3* 



90 

A About 14) bom. 

Q, At the Cap* of Good Hope, at the nwliw? 

JL About 104 hours, 

Q. How long at New- York, on the 2Hh of June T 

j|. About 15 hoars. 

Q. At London, at the name time T 

A. About 16] hours. 

Q. At the Cape of Good Hope, at the 1 

A. About 9} hours. 

Q. How long st Pekin, en the 1st of No 

A. About 10J hoars, 

Q. At New- York st the same time ? 

A. About 10} hoars. 

The length of the night may be determine* by 
counting the meridians on the night aide of the 
day-circle, or by subtracting the number of hours 
in the day from 24 hours, and the remainder will 
be the length of the night To find the time of 
the sun's rising, take half the length of the night ; 
and for the time of the sun's setting, take half the 
length of the day. 

Q. When the dsy is 14 hows, how loaf is the night, sad 
at what time will the sun rise and set ? 

if. Night, 10 hoars ; son-rise, 5 ; san.net, 7. 

Q. When the nan rises st half sfter 5, whet time decs it 
set, snd how long is the dsy ? 

A. Sun sou st 6} evening ; dsy, 13 boors leaf. 



D*CUlf ATI OH OF TBI I 

The declination of the tun is its distance north 
or south from the equator. It crosses the equator 
the 00th of March, and from that time to the 23d 
of September it it north of the equator. It 
croaees again on the 23d o f September, and from 
that time to the 90th of March it is south of the 
equator. On the east edge of the day circle there 
is a scale marked " Declination of the sun." The 
upper part of the scale is marked S», for south 
declination ; and the lower part of the scale is 
marked N. for north declination. The degree 
on this scale directly opposite the equator is the 
sun's declination, for the day of the calendar im- 
mediately under that part of the day circle. — 
There is also a scale called the analemma, on the 
outer edge of the calendar, which shows the sun's 
declination for all times in the year. Then, to 
find the sun's declination on any day in the year, 
turn the day circle till the scale of the sun's decli- 
nation stands directly over the given day; then 
the degree in that scale directly over the equator 
will he the sun's deolination for that day ; or, the 
degree in the snalomma, directly opposite the 



day, Witt 
' litJ MU f... J. M* 



ir . o 

litMljr? . 15 

fDth Jhae? »• » H. 

l»t September? 8 aorta. 

lit If orember ? 15 too*. I 

rf. sn »a 



In the circle within the calendar, on the i 
of the globe, you find twelre diririottt, 
with characters and name*, ae follower <P Aries; 
« Taurus; n Gemini} 25 Cancer; ft Leo; 
1fg Virgo; ** Libra; Hi Scorpio; / 
riue; K5 Caprtcomt»; & Aquarm; and X 
oea. These are the twelve eigne of ! 
and denote certain portion* of the heavens through 
which the sun passes at parttenkr Mtaos* ef the 
year. Theee names were giten lo those parte of 
the hcsJrcosji by the ancient Mronomere ; 




*oeu; yet t&o yeottnii of the wn, - it worid 

■M* th«* if they W«rOT»bU,ieWOll 

moot Bach of tbeoo oigm occupies 30 
otoia the bearem, and the eon poami through 
i of thorn, in mumwdn^ hi thooe times of tho 
» ■arked oppoeite to thorn in the i 



<t When ie theeoa'e pface ihe iwt of BifMajifrt 

A. **i*Virfo. 

Q. OathtttetefOeteter? 

XlWlmfSmpk 

» Wh- o»n*»ooa nmii JMjiiirtif 

A Oatfce&dof Norenber. 

Q. WWwiUtheioab*10d>g»»uiT»nn»? 

it On the lit of Jfey. 

Q. Whete u the Mm the tat of AejaetT 

A> PieLfe, 

More folly to illustrate the apparent motion of 



the sun amongst the constellation*, place a table in 
the center of the room, with a lamp and the globe 
on it, as prepared for the illustration of the sea- 
sons; then extend the imaginary plane of the 
ecliptic to the walls, and you will have an imagi- 
nary line passing round the room. Imagine this 
line to be the plane of the ecliptic, extended to 
the heavens ; you may then proceed to mark the 
signs in their imaginary places, as follows. Have 
12 pieces of paper, each marked with one of the 
characters denoting the signs of the zodiac. Set 
the globe in its orbit so that the index points to the 
beginning of Aries ; then place the paper with 
the sign of Aries against the wall, in a line with 
the sun, having the sun between the globe and the 
sign. (The sign may be attached to the wall by 
a pin or wafer.) Then move the globe in its 
orbit till the index points to the beginning of Tau- 
rus, and place the character of Taurus on the wall 
in the same manner ; and thus you may proceed 
till you have divided the circumference of the 
room into the 12 signs. Then, as the globe is 
passed round in its orbit, the sun will apparently 
pass through the spaces designated as the signs upon 
the wall, in times corresponding tilth the calendar. 



35 



TO SNOW Till TIME THE SUN 8HINE8 WITHOUT I 
TING, IN ANY PLACE IN THE FEIGID IONS. 

Set the day circle so that the eastern part of it 
crosses the north pole. Bring the given place to 
the east edge of the day circle ; then .move both 
the globe and the index eastward, till the day 
circle will no longer cover the given place, and 
the index will show at what time the sun ceases 
to set You may then continue the motion of the 
globe and the index eastward, till you find the day 
circle will again cover the given place, and the 
index will show the time when the sun will again 
set 

Q. What time will the ran be without setting at the north 

cape of Europe ? 
A. From the 10th of May to the 1st of August 

TO FIND ON WHAT TWO DAYS IN THE TEAE THE SUN 
WILL BE VEETICAL TO ANY PLACE IN THE TOE- 
RID ZONE. 

Bring the given place to the edge of the day 
circle ; then turn the globe and the day-circle to- 
gether till the given place comes into the plane of 
the ecliptic. The day in the calendar directly un- 
der that part of the day-circle is one of the days 
required. Turn the globe and day-circle together 



I you will find the giren place will paes 
eat of the plane of the ecliptic, end come into it 
the globe mekee a 
th» will give the other day. 



« Ob wb« tw»<ky» will the u be rertiotlm the Uud 

ef Vera, at »• aorta tatttafct 
LI Til 111 rfafu Ml Hi i til if rilj 



,ce 






fe 



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